Организация и современное представление о речевой функции головного мозга: обзор литературы

Введение. История изучения речевой функции головного мозга простирается с середины XIX в. Первые исследования обнаружили корковые представительства речи в головном мозге, были предложены различные теории устройства речевой функции. Технологический прорыв XX в. дал возможность изучать не только корковые отделы речевой функции, но и сложные связи белого вещества, немаловажные для практической работы нейрохирургов. По мере углубленного изучения речи были пересмотрены старые теории, выдвинуты новые. Современные методы исследования раскрыли сложность организации речи, многофункциональность речевых трактов. 

Цель исследования - анализ и систематизация исторических и современных научных данных об организации речевой функции головного мозга, а также способов предоперационной оценки и интраоперационных методов идентификации речевых зон коры больших полушарий. 

Материалы и методы. В результате поиска данных в интернет-ресурсе PubMed для анализа отобрано 77 статей, опубликованных между 1954 и 2020 гг. 

Результаты. Исследования особенностей работы речевой функции во множестве представлены в современной научной литературе, и число публикаций растет с каждым годом. Одни исследователи прицельно изучают работы конкретного аспекта речи: корковое представительство, конкретный речевой тракт. Другие - имеют дело с общими последствиями нарушения речи после удаления опухолей, инсультов, травм. Авторской группой проведены структурирование и систематизация многочисленных данных из разнородных источников информации. 

Заключение. Речевая функция головного мозга - один из наиболее сложно организованных аспектов высшей нервной деятельности центральной нервной системы, изучение которого активно продолжается во всем мире. Внедрение таких революционных методов исследования, как интраоперационное картирование коры головного мозга, магнитно-резонансная трактография, привнесло обилие новой информации касательно морфофункциональных особенностей речевой функции. Необходимы дальнейшее изучение языковой функции головного мозга и систематизация полученных данных, более глубокое понимание тонких деталей работы речевого аппарата. Продвижение в этом направлении предоставит нейрохирургам возможность избегать нежелательного неврологического дефицита в области коммуникативной способности - одной из самых важных, улучшая тем самым качество жизни пациентов. 

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