neurosurgeryНейрохирургияRussian journal of neurosurgery1683-32952587-7569Издательский дом "МедИНК"10.17650/1683-3295-2020-22-4-94-111neurosurgery-968Research ArticleЛЕКЦИЯLECTUREАденомы гипофиза: современные принципы диагностики и леченияPituitary adenomas: current principles of diagnosis and treatmenthttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-1902АстафьеваЛ. И.AstafyevaL. I.

125047, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., 16

16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow 125047

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-3452ЧерновИ. В.ChernovI. V.

Илья Валерьевич Чернов

125047, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., 16

16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow 125047

ichernov@nsi.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6652-2472ЧехонинИ. В.ChekhoninI. V.

125047, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., 16

16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow 125047

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5406-944XШульцЕ. И.ShultsE. I.

125047, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., 16

16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow 125047

ПронинИ. Н.ProninI. N.

125047, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., 16

16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow 125047

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9333-9473КалининП. Л.KalininP. L.

125047, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская ул., 16

16 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., Moscow 125047

ФГАУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр нейрохирургии им. Н.Н. Бурденко Минздрава РоссииРоссияN.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian Federation20201701202122494111Copyright © Астафьева Л.И., Чернов И.В., Чехонин И.В., Шульц Е.И., Пронин И.Н., Калинин П.Л., 20212021Астафьева Л.И., Чернов И.В., Чехонин И.В., Шульц Е.И., Пронин И.Н., Калинин П.Л.Astafyeva L.I., Chernov I.V., Chekhonin I.V., Shults E.I., Pronin I.N., Kalinin P.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.therjn.com/jour/article/view/968

В обзоре систематизированы знания о лечении пациентов с аденомами гипофиза. Аденомы гипофиза составляют 15 % от общего числа интракраниальных опухолей, занимая 3-е место по частоте после менингиом и глиом головного мозга. К настоящему времени проведены многочисленные исследования этой патологии. Разработаны международные алгоритмы диагностики и лечения аденом гипофиза с различной гормональной активностью, включающие применение медикаментозных, хирургических и лучевых методов.

The review summarizes knowledge on treatment of patients with pituitary adenomas. Pituitary adenomas comprise 15 % of all intracranial tumors being the third most common tumors after meningiomas and gliomas. Multiple studies dedicated to different aspects of this pathology have been conducted. International guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas with varying hormonal activity have been developed covering use of pharmaceutical, surgical and radiation techniques.

аденома гипофизаакромегалияболезнь Иценко—Кушингатиреотропиномапролактиномагормональнонеактивная аденома гипофизагормональная диагностикаметоды нейровизуализациитранссфеноидальная аденомэктомиямедикаментозное лечениелучевое лечениеpituitary adenomasacromegaliaItsenko—Cushing syndromethyrotropinomaprolactinomaendocrine-inactive pituitary adenomahormonal diagnosticsneuroimagingtranssphenoidal adenomectomypharmaceutical treatmentradiation treatmentReferencesAflorei E.D., Korbonits M. Epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. J Neurooncol 2014;117:379-94. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1354-5Aflorei E.D., Korbonits M. Epidemiology and etiopathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. J Neurooncol 2014;117:379-94. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1354-5Cortet-Rudelli C., Bonneville J.-F., Borson-Chazot F. et al. Post-surgical management of non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015;76:228-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.003.Cortet-Rudelli C., Bonneville J.-F., Borson-Chazot F. et al. Post-surgical management of non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015;76:228-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.003.Chanson P., Raverot G., Castinetti F. et al. Management of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015;76:239-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.002.Chanson P., Raverot G., Castinetti F. et al. Management of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015;76:239-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.002.Oki Y. Medical management of functioning pituitary adenoma: an update. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2014;54:958-65. DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0239.Oki Y. Medical management of functioning pituitary adenoma: an update. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2014;54:958-65. DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0239.Okafor U., Onwuekwe I., Ezegwui H. Management of pituitary adenoma with mass effect in pregnancy: a case report. Cases J 2009;2:9117. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-9117.Okafor U., Onwuekwe I., Ezegwui H. Management of pituitary adenoma with mass effect in pregnancy: a case report. Cases J 2009;2:9117. DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-9117.Patterson R.H. The role of transcranial surgery in the management of pituitary adenoma. In: Modern neurosurgery of meningiomas and pituitary adenomas. Vienna: Springer, 1996. Pp. 16, 17. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9450-8_6.Patterson R.H. The role of transcranial surgery in the management of pituitary adenoma. In: Modern neurosurgery of meningiomas and pituitary adenomas. Vienna: Springer, 1996. Pp. 16, 17. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9450-8_6.Azab M.A., O’Hagan M., Abou-Al-Shaar H. et al. Safety and outcome of transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resection in elderly patients. World Neurosurg 2019;122:e1252-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.024.Azab M.A., O’Hagan M., Abou-Al-Shaar H. et al. Safety and outcome of transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma resection in elderly patients. World Neurosurg 2019;122:e1252-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.024.Астафьева Л.И., Кадашев Б.А., Шишкина Л.В. и др. Клинико-морфологические характеристики, диагностические критерии и результаты хирургического лечения ТТГ-секрети-рующих аденом гипофиза. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2016;80(6):24-35. DOI: 10.17116/neiro201680624-35.Astafyeva L.I., Kadashev B.A., Shishkina L.V. et al. Clinical and morphological characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and outcomes of surgical treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Zhurnal “Voprosy neyrokhirurgii” im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery 2016;80(6):24-35. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/neiro201680624-35.Астафьева Л.И., Кадашев Б.А., Калинин П.Л. и др. Клинические синдромы сдавленного и хирургически пересеченного стебля гипофиза. Проблемы эндокринологии 2018;64(1):4—13.Astafyeva L.I., Kadashev B.A., Kalinin P.L. et al. Clinical syndromes of compression and surgical transection of the pituitary stalk. Problemy endokrinologii = Problems of Endocrinology 2018;64(1):4-13. (In Russ.).Астафьева Л.И., Калинин П.Л., Када-шев Б.А. Современная диагностика и послеоперационный мониторинг пациентов с акромегалией в условиях нейрохирургической клиники. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2017;81:58-62.Astafyeva L.I., Kalinin P.L., Kadashev B.A. et al. Modern diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of acromegaly patients at a neurosurgical clinic. Zhurnal “Voprosy neyrokhirurgii” im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery 2017;81(1):58-62. (In Russ.).Калинин П.Л., Трунин Ю.Ю., Фомичев Д.В. и др. Агрессивные аденомы гипофиза (обзор литературы и клиническое наблюдение). Опухоли головы и шеи 2017;7:74-80. DOI: 10.17650/2222-1468-2017-7-4-846.Kalinin P.L., Trunin Yu.Yu., Fomichev D.V. et al. Aggressive forms of pituitary adenomas (literature review and clinical observation). Opukholi golovy i shei = Head and Neck Tumors 2017;7(4):74-80. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/2222-1468-2017-7-4-846.Калинин П.Л., Шкарубо А.Н., Астафьева Л.И. и др. Назальная ликворея при первичном лечении больших и гигантских пролактином агонистами дофамина. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2017;81(6): 32-9. DOI: 10.17116/neiro201781632-39.Kalinin P.L., Shkarubo A.N., Astafieva L.I. et al. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in primary treatment of large and giant prolactinomas with dopamine agonists. Zhurnal “Voprosy neyrokhirurgii” im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery 2017;81(6):32-9. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/neiro201781632-39.Калинин П.Л., Фомичев Д.В., Кутин М.А. и др. Эндоскопическая эндоназальная хирургия аденом гипофиза (опыт 1700 операций). Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2012;76:26-33.Kalinin P.L., Fomichev D.V., Kutin M.A. Endoscopic endonasal surgery of pituitary adenomas (experience of 1700 operations). Zhurnal “Voprosy neyrokhirurgii” im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery 2012;76:26-33. (In Russ.).Калинин П.Л., Кадашев Б.А., Фомичев Д.В. и др. Хирургическое лечение аденом гипофиза. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2017;(1):95-107. DOI: 10.17116/neiro201780795-107.Kalinin P.L., Kadashev B.A., Fomichev D.V. et al. Surgical treatment for pituitary adenomas. Zhurnal “Voprosy neyrokhirurgii” im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery 2017;(1):95-107. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/neiro201780795-107.Lloyd R.V., Osamura R.Y, Kloppel G. et al. WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organ. 4th edn. Lyon: IARC, 2017.Lloyd R.V., Osamura R.Y, Kloppel G. et al. WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organ. 4th edn. Lyon: IARC, 2017.DeLellis R.A. WHO Classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs. 3rd edn. Lyon: IARC Press, 2004.DeLellis R.A. WHO Classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs. 3rd edn. Lyon: IARC Press, 2004.Inoshita N., Nishioka H. The 2017 WHO classification of pituitary adenoma: overview and comments. Brain Tumor Pathol 2018;35:51-6. DOI: 10.1007/s10014-018-0314-3.Inoshita N., Nishioka H. The 2017 WHO classification of pituitary adenoma: overview and comments. Brain Tumor Pathol 2018;35:51-6. DOI: 10.1007/s10014-018-0314-3.Lopes M.B.S. The 2017 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the pituitary gland: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 2017;134:521-35. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1769-8.Lopes M.B.S. The 2017 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the pituitary gland: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 2017;134:521-35. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1769-8.Nishioka H., Inoshita N., Mete O. et al. The complementary role of transcription factors in the accurate diagnosis of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 2015;26:349-55. DOI: 10.1007/s12022-015-9398-z.Nishioka H., Inoshita N., Mete O. et al. The complementary role of transcription factors in the accurate diagnosis of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 2015;26:349-55. DOI: 10.1007/s12022-015-9398-z.0ystese K.A., Casar-Borota O., Normann K.R. et al. Estrogen receptor a, a sex-dependent predictor of aggressiveness in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: SSTR and sex hormone receptor distribution in NFPA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:3581-90. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00792.0ystese K.A., Casar-Borota O., Normann K.R. et al. Estrogen receptor a, a sex-dependent predictor of aggressiveness in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: SSTR and sex hormone receptor distribution in NFPA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017;102:3581-90. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00792.Mete O., Asa S.L. Clinicopathological correlations in pituitary adenomas. Brain Pathol 2012;22:443-53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00599.x.Mete O., Asa S.L. Clinicopathological correlations in pituitary adenomas. Brain Pathol 2012;22:443-53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00599.x.Ezzat S., Asa S.L., Couldwell W.T. et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas. Cancer 2004;101:613-9. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20412.Ezzat S., Asa S.L., Couldwell W.T. et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas. Cancer 2004;101:613-9. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20412.Lim C.T., Korbonits M. Update on the clinicopathology of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pract 2018;24:473-88. DOI: 10.4158/EP-2018-0034.Lim C.T., Korbonits M. Update on the clinicopathology of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pract 2018;24:473-88. DOI: 10.4158/EP-2018-0034.Galland F., Vantyghem M.-C., Cazabat L. et al. Management of nonfunctioning pituitary incidentaloma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015;76:191-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.004.Galland F., Vantyghem M.-C., Cazabat L. et al. Management of nonfunctioning pituitary incidentaloma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015;76:191-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.004.Кадашев Б.А. Аденомы гипофиза: клиника, диагностика, лечение. Тверь: Триада, 2007.Кадашев Б.А. Аденомы гипофиза: клиника, диагностика, лечение. Тверь: Триада, 2007.Agustsson T.T., Baldvinsdottir T., Jonasson J.G. et al. The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in Iceland, 19552012: a nationwide population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;173:655-64. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-15-0189.Agustsson T.T., Baldvinsdottir T., Jonasson J.G. et al. The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in Iceland, 19552012: a nationwide population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;173:655-64. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-15-0189.Gruppetta M., Mercieca C., Vassallo J. Prevalence and incidence of pituitary adenomas: a population based study in Malta. Pituitary 2013;16:545-53. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-012-0454-0.Gruppetta M., Mercieca C., Vassallo J. Prevalence and incidence of pituitary adenomas: a population based study in Malta. Pituitary 2013;16:545-53. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-012-0454-0.Fernandez A., Karavitaki N., Wass J.A.H. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;72:377-82. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03667.x.Fernandez A., Karavitaki N., Wass J.A.H. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010;72:377-82. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03667.x.Kane L.A., Leinung M.C., Scheithauer B.W. et al. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1135-40. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.79.4.7525627.Kane L.A., Leinung M.C., Scheithauer B.W. et al. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1135-40. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.79.4.7525627.Molitch M.E. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. JAMA 2017;317:516. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.19699.Molitch M.E. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. JAMA 2017;317:516. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.19699.Hall W.A. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:817. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819120-10-199405150-00001.Hall W.A. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:817. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819120-10-199405150-00001.Vernooij M.W., Ikram M.A., Tanghe H.L. et al. Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1821-8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa070972.Vernooij M.W., Ikram M.A., Tanghe H.L. et al. Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1821-8. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa070972.Raappana A., Koivukangas J., Ebeling T. et al. Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992-2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4268-75. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0537.Raappana A., Koivukangas J., Ebeling T. et al. Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992-2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4268-75. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0537.Vroonen L., Daly A.F., Beckers A. Epidemiology and management challenges in prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology 2019;109:20-7. DOI: 10.1159/000497746.Vroonen L., Daly A.F., Beckers A. Epidemiology and management challenges in prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology 2019;109:20-7. DOI: 10.1159/000497746.Melmed S., Cook D., Schopohl J. et al. Rapid and sustained reduction of serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acromegaly receiving lanreotide Autogel® therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study with a 52 week open extension. Pituitary 2010;13:18-28. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0191-1.Melmed S., Cook D., Schopohl J. et al. Rapid and sustained reduction of serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acromegaly receiving lanreotide Autogel® therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study with a 52 week open extension. Pituitary 2010;13:18-28. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0191-1.Daly A.F., Rixhon M., Adam C. et al. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4769-75. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-1668.Daly A.F., Rixhon M., Adam C. et al. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4769-75. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-1668.Fontana E., Gaillard R. [Epidemiology of pituitary adenoma: results of the first Swiss study]. Rev Med Suisse 2009;5:2172-4.Fontana E., Gaillard R. [Epidemiology of pituitary adenoma: results of the first Swiss study]. Rev Med Suisse 2009;5:2172-4.Molitch M.E. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;124:167-84. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59602-4.00012-5.Molitch M.E. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;124:167-84. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59602-4.00012-5.Sievers C., Ising M., Pfister H. et al. Personality in patients with pituitary adenomas is characterized by increased anxiety-related traits: comparison of 70 acromegalic patients with patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas and age- and gender-matched controls. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:367-73. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0896.Sievers C., Ising M., Pfister H. et al. Personality in patients with pituitary adenomas is characterized by increased anxiety-related traits: comparison of 70 acromegalic patients with patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas and age- and gender-matched controls. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160:367-73. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0896.Dekkers O.M., van der Klaauw A.A., Pereira A.M. et al. Quality of life is decreased after treatment for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3364-9. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0003.Dekkers O.M., van der Klaauw A.A., Pereira A.M. et al. Quality of life is decreased after treatment for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3364-9. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0003.Biermasz N.R., Joustra S.D., Donga E. et al. Patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas have disturbed sleep characteristics, circadian movement rhythm, and subjective sleep quality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1524-32. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2742.Biermasz N.R., Joustra S.D., Donga E. et al. Patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas have disturbed sleep characteristics, circadian movement rhythm, and subjective sleep quality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1524-32. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2742.Brummelman P., Elderson M.F., Dullaart R.P.F. et al. Cognitive functioning in patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma and the effects of pituitary radiotherapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;74:481-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03947.x.Brummelman P., Elderson M.F., Dullaart R.P.F. et al. Cognitive functioning in patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma and the effects of pituitary radiotherapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;74:481-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03947.x.Koktekir E., Karabagli H., Ozturk K. Simultaneous transsphenoidal and transventricular endoscopic approaches for giant pituitary adenoma with hydrocephalus. J Craniofac Surg 2015;26:e39-42. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000001298.Koktekir E., Karabagli H., Ozturk K. Simultaneous transsphenoidal and transventricular endoscopic approaches for giant pituitary adenoma with hydrocephalus. J Craniofac Surg 2015;26:e39-42. DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000001298.Joshi S.M., Chopra I.S., Powell M. Hydrocephalus caused by giant pituitary tumors: case series and guidelines for management. Br J Neurosurg 2009;23:30-2. DOI: 10.1080/02688690802535081.Joshi S.M., Chopra I.S., Powell M. Hydrocephalus caused by giant pituitary tumors: case series and guidelines for management. Br J Neurosurg 2009;23:30-2. DOI: 10.1080/02688690802535081.Scarone P., Losa M., Mortini P. et al. Obstructive hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension caused by a giant macroprolactinoma. Prompt response to medical treatment. J Neurooncol 2006;76:51-4. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-2319-0.Scarone P., Losa M., Mortini P. et al. Obstructive hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension caused by a giant macroprolactinoma. Prompt response to medical treatment. J Neurooncol 2006;76:51-4. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-2319-0.Корниенко В., Пронин И. Диагностическая нейрорадиология. Т. 2. М., 2009.Kornienko V., Pronin I. Diagnostic neuroradiology. Vol. 2. Moscow, 2009. (In Russ.).Bashari W.A., Senanayake R., Fernandez-Pombo A. et al. Modern imaging of pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;33:101278. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.05.002.Bashari W.A., Senanayake R., Fernandez-Pombo A. et al. Modern imaging of pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;33:101278. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.05.002.Yuh W.T., Fisher D.J., Nguyen H.D. et al. Sequential MR enhancement pattern in normal pituitary gland and in pituitary adenoma. Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:101-8.Yuh W.T., Fisher D.J., Nguyen H.D. et al. Sequential MR enhancement pattern in normal pituitary gland and in pituitary adenoma. Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:101-8.Chaudhary V., Bano S. Imaging of the pituitary: recent advances. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011;15:216. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.84871.Chaudhary V., Bano S. Imaging of the pituitary: recent advances. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2011;15:216. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.84871.Masopust V., Netuka D., Benes V. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and histology correlation in Cushing’s disease. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2017;51:45-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2016.10.005.Masopust V., Netuka D., Benes V. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and histology correlation in Cushing’s disease. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2017;51:45-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2016.10.005.Grober Y., Grober H., Wintermark M. et al. Comparison of MRI techniques for detecting microadenomas in Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 2018;128:1051-7. DOI: 10.3171/2017.3.JNS163122.Grober Y., Grober H., Wintermark M. et al. Comparison of MRI techniques for detecting microadenomas in Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 2018;128:1051-7. DOI: 10.3171/2017.3.JNS163122.Argyropoulou M., Kiortsis D. Magnetization transfer imaging of the pituitary gland. Hormones 2003;2:98-102. DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1188.Argyropoulou M., Kiortsis D. Magnetization transfer imaging of the pituitary gland. Hormones 2003;2:98-102. DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1188.Knosp E., Steiner E., Kitz K. et al. Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space. Neurosurgery 1993;33:610-8. DOI: 10.1227/00006123199310000-00008.Knosp E., Steiner E., Kitz K. et al. Pituitary adenomas with invasion of the cavernous sinus space. Neurosurgery 1993;33:610-8. DOI: 10.1227/00006123199310000-00008.Micko A.S.G., Wohrer A., Wolfsberger S. et al. Invasion of the cavernous sinus space in pituitary adenomas: endoscopic verification and its correlation with an MRI-based classification. J Neurosurg 2015;122:803-11. DOI: 10.3171/2014.12.JNS141083.Micko A.S.G., Wohrer A., Wolfsberger S. et al. Invasion of the cavernous sinus space in pituitary adenomas: endoscopic verification and its correlation with an MRI-based classification. J Neurosurg 2015;122:803-11. DOI: 10.3171/2014.12.JNS141083.Hisanaga S., Kakeda S., Yamamoto J. et al. Pituitary macroadenoma and visual impairment: postoperative outcome prediction with contrast-enhanced FIESTA. Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:2067-72. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5394.Hisanaga S., Kakeda S., Yamamoto J. et al. Pituitary macroadenoma and visual impairment: postoperative outcome prediction with contrast-enhanced FIESTA. Am J Neuroradiol 2017;38:2067-72. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5394.Kunii N., Abe T., Kawamo M. et al. Rathke’s cleft cysts: differentiation from other cystic lesions in the pituitary fossa by use of single-shot fast spin-echo diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007;149:759-69. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-007-1234-x.Kunii N., Abe T., Kawamo M. et al. Rathke’s cleft cysts: differentiation from other cystic lesions in the pituitary fossa by use of single-shot fast spin-echo diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007;149:759-69. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-007-1234-x.Hassan H.A., Bessar M.A., Herzallah I.R. et al. Diagnostic value of early postoperative MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging following trans-sphenoidal resection of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Clin Radiol 2018;73:535-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.12.007.Hassan H.A., Bessar M.A., Herzallah I.R. et al. Diagnostic value of early postoperative MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging following trans-sphenoidal resection of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Clin Radiol 2018;73:535-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.12.007.Wang M., Liu H., Wei X. et al. Application of reduced-FOV diffusion-weighted imaging in evaluation of normal pituitary glands and pituitary macroadenomas. Am J Neuroradiol 2018;39:1499-504. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5735.Wang M., Liu H., Wei X. et al. Application of reduced-FOV diffusion-weighted imaging in evaluation of normal pituitary glands and pituitary macroadenomas. Am J Neuroradiol 2018;39:1499-504. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A5735.Buttrick S., Morcos J.J., Elhammady M.S. et al. Extradural clinoidectomy for resection of clinoidal meningioma. Neurosurg Focus 2017;43:V10. DOI: 10.3171/2017.10.FocusVid.17363.Buttrick S., Morcos J.J., Elhammady M.S. et al. Extradural clinoidectomy for resection of clinoidal meningioma. Neurosurg Focus 2017;43:V10. DOI: 10.3171/2017.10.FocusVid.17363.Yang B.T., Chong V.F.H., Wang Z.C. et al. Sphenoid sinus ectopic pituitary adenomas: CT and MRI findings. Br J Radiol 2010;83:218-24. DOI: 10.1259/bjr/76663418.Yang B.T., Chong V.F.H., Wang Z.C. et al. Sphenoid sinus ectopic pituitary adenomas: CT and MRI findings. Br J Radiol 2010;83:218-24. DOI: 10.1259/bjr/76663418.Sakai N., Yamashita S., Takehara Y. et al. Evaluation of the antiangiogenic effects of octreotide on growth hormone-producing pituitary adenoma using arterial spin-labeling perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2015;14:73-6. DOI: 10.2463/mrms.2014-0026.Sakai N., Yamashita S., Takehara Y. et al. Evaluation of the antiangiogenic effects of octreotide on growth hormone-producing pituitary adenoma using arterial spin-labeling perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2015;14:73-6. DOI: 10.2463/mrms.2014-0026.Shults E.I., Pronin I.N., Kalinin P.L. et al. SCT perfusion in the diagnosis of sellar and parasellar tumors. Zhurnal “Voprosy neyrokhirurgii” im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery 2015;79:71. DOI: 10.17116/neiro201579471-77.Shults E.I., Pronin I.N., Kalinin P.L. et al. SCT perfusion in the diagnosis of sellar and parasellar tumors. Zhurnal “Voprosy neyrokhirurgii” im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko's Journal of Neurosurgery 2015;79:71. DOI: 10.17116/neiro201579471-77.Pany A., Sobri M., Valarmathi S. et al. Giant aneurysm or pituitary macroadenoma: a diagnostical misconstrue. Med J Malaysia 2004;59:123-5.Pany A., Sobri M., Valarmathi S. et al. Giant aneurysm or pituitary macroadenoma: a diagnostical misconstrue. Med J Malaysia 2004;59:123-5.Lamback E.B., Gouveia H.R., Bulzico D.A. Into the void: a giant aneurysm mimicking a macroprolactinoma. Endocrine 2017;58:394-5. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1419-x.Lamback E.B., Gouveia H.R., Bulzico D.A. Into the void: a giant aneurysm mimicking a macroprolactinoma. Endocrine 2017;58:394-5. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1419-x.Martin A.J., Hetts S.W., Dillon W.P. et al. MR imaging of partially thrombosed cerebral aneurysms: characteristics and evolution. Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:346-51. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A2298.Martin A.J., Hetts S.W., Dillon W.P. et al. MR imaging of partially thrombosed cerebral aneurysms: characteristics and evolution. Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:346-51. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A2298.Orman G., Valand H.A., Huisman T.A.G.M. Advanced multimodality neuroimaging of a giant, thrombosed MCA aneurysm complicated by an acute stroke in a pediatric patient. Radiol Case Reports 2020;15:292-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.12.016.Orman G., Valand H.A., Huisman T.A.G.M. Advanced multimodality neuroimaging of a giant, thrombosed MCA aneurysm complicated by an acute stroke in a pediatric patient. Radiol Case Reports 2020;15:292-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.12.016.Григорьев А.Ю., Годков И.М., Григорьева Е.В. Трансназальное эндоскопическое удаление аденомы гипофиза у больных с расширенными межкавернозными синусами. Нейрохирургия 2015;(3):50-3.Grigoryev A.Yu., Godkov I.M., Grigoryeva E.V. The transnasal endoscopic removal of pituitary adenoma at patients with dilated intercavernous sinuses. Neyrokhirurgiya = Russian Journal of Neurosurgery 2015;(3):50-3. (In Russ.).Orozco L.D., Buciuc R.F., Parent A.D. Endovascular embolization of prominent intercavernous sinuses for successful transsphenoidal resection of cushing microadenoma. Oper Neurosurg 2012;71:onsE204-8. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31825b1eac.Orozco L.D., Buciuc R.F., Parent A.D. Endovascular embolization of prominent intercavernous sinuses for successful transsphenoidal resection of cushing microadenoma. Oper Neurosurg 2012;71:onsE204-8. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31825b1eac.Mizutani K., Toda M., Yoshida K. Analysis of the intercavernous sinus in sellar lesions using multidetector computed tomography digital subtraction venography. World Neurosurg 2016;86:336-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.079.Mizutani K., Toda M., Yoshida K. Analysis of the intercavernous sinus in sellar lesions using multidetector computed tomography digital subtraction venography. World Neurosurg 2016;86:336-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.079.Stadlbauer A., Buchfelder M., Nimsky C. et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pituitary macroadenomas: preliminary results. J Neurosurg 2008;109:306-12. DOI: 10.3171/JNS/2008/109/8/0306.Stadlbauer A., Buchfelder M., Nimsky C. et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in pituitary macroadenomas: preliminary results. J Neurosurg 2008;109:306-12. DOI: 10.3171/JNS/2008/109/8/0306.Chernov M.F., Kawamata T., Amano K. et al. Possible role of single-voxel 1H-MRS in differential diagnosis of suprasellar tumors. J Neurooncol 2009;91:191-8. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9698-y.Chernov M.F., Kawamata T., Amano K. et al. Possible role of single-voxel 1H-MRS in differential diagnosis of suprasellar tumors. J Neurooncol 2009;91:191-8. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9698-y.Losa M., Magnani P., Mortini P. et al. Indium-111 pentetreotide single-photon emission tomography in patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: Correlation with the effect of a single administration of octreotide on serum TSH levels. Eur J Nucl Med 1997;24:728-31. DOI: 10.1007/BF00879659.Losa M., Magnani P., Mortini P. et al. Indium-111 pentetreotide single-photon emission tomography in patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: Correlation with the effect of a single administration of octreotide on serum TSH levels. Eur J Nucl Med 1997;24:728-31. DOI: 10.1007/BF00879659.D’Amico A., St^por-Fudzinska M., Tarnawski R. CyberKnife radiosurgery planning of a secreting pituitary adenoma performed with 68Ga DOTATATE PET and MRI. Clin Nucl Med 2014;39:1043-4. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000000535.D’Amico A., St^por-Fudzinska M., Tarnawski R. CyberKnife radiosurgery planning of a secreting pituitary adenoma performed with 68Ga DOTATATE PET and MRI. Clin Nucl Med 2014;39:1043-4. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000000535.Yao A., Balchandani P., Shrivastava R.K. Metabolic in vivo visualization of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review of imaging modalities. World Neurosurg 2017;104:489-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.128.Yao A., Balchandani P., Shrivastava R.K. Metabolic in vivo visualization of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review of imaging modalities. World Neurosurg 2017;104:489-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.128.Feng Z., He D., Mao Z. et al. Utility of 11C-methionine and 18F-FDG PET/ CT in patients with functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Nucl Med 2016;41:e130-4. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000001085.Feng Z., He D., Mao Z. et al. Utility of 11C-methionine and 18F-FDG PET/ CT in patients with functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Nucl Med 2016;41:e130-4. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000001085.Jones P.S., Swearingen B. Intraoperative MRI for pituitary adenomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2019;30:413-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2019.05.003.Jones P.S., Swearingen B. Intraoperative MRI for pituitary adenomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2019;30:413-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2019.05.003.Chittiboina P., Lalith Talagala S., Merkle H. et al. Endosphenoidal coil for intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland during transsphenoidal surgery. J Neurosurg 2016;125:1451-9. DOI: 10.3171/2015.11.JNS151465.Chittiboina P., Lalith Talagala S., Merkle H. et al. Endosphenoidal coil for intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland during transsphenoidal surgery. J Neurosurg 2016;125:1451-9. DOI: 10.3171/2015.11.JNS151465.Glezer A., D’Alva C.B., Salgado L.R. et al. Pitfalls in pituitary diagnosis: peculiarities of three cases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;57:135-9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01567.x.Glezer A., D’Alva C.B., Salgado L.R. et al. Pitfalls in pituitary diagnosis: peculiarities of three cases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;57:135-9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01567.x.Elster A.D. Sellar susceptibility artifacts: theory and implications. Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:129-36.Elster A.D. Sellar susceptibility artifacts: theory and implications. Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:129-36.Guo S., Cai X., Ma J. et al. Diagnosis of concomitant pituitary adenoma and Rathke’s cleft cyst with magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Surg 2015;18:191-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.05.001.Guo S., Cai X., Ma J. et al. Diagnosis of concomitant pituitary adenoma and Rathke’s cleft cyst with magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Surg 2015;18:191-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.05.001.Takayasu T., Yamasaki F., Tominaga A. et al. A pituitary abscess showing high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging. Neurosurg Rev 2006;29:246-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-006-0021-0.Takayasu T., Yamasaki F., Tominaga A. et al. A pituitary abscess showing high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging. Neurosurg Rev 2006;29:246-8. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-006-0021-0.Zhang X., Xing B., You H. et al. Severe ophthalmic manifestation in pituitary-involved granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report and literature review. BMC Ophthalmol 2018;18:299. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0966-0.Zhang X., Xing B., You H. et al. Severe ophthalmic manifestation in pituitary-involved granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report and literature review. BMC Ophthalmol 2018;18:299. DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0966-0.Ben Abid F., Abukhattab M., Karim H. et al. Primary pituitary tuberculosis revisited. Am J Case Rep 2017;18:391-4. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.903233.Ben Abid F., Abukhattab M., Karim H. et al. Primary pituitary tuberculosis revisited. Am J Case Rep 2017;18:391-4. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.903233.Bonneville J.-F. Magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary tumors. Front Horm Res 2016;45:97-120. DOI: 10.1159/000442327.Bonneville J.-F. Magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary tumors. Front Horm Res 2016;45:97-120. DOI: 10.1159/000442327.Fenstermaker R., Abad A. Imaging of pituitary and parasellar disorders. Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol 2016;22:1574-94. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000380.Fenstermaker R., Abad A. Imaging of pituitary and parasellar disorders. Contin Lifelong Learn Neurol 2016;22:1574-94. DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000380.Morana G., Maghnie M., Rossi A. Pituitary tumors: advances in neuroimaging. In: Pediatric neuroendocrinology. Basel: Karger, 2009. Pp. 160-174. DOI: 10.1159/000262537.Morana G., Maghnie M., Rossi A. Pituitary tumors: advances in neuroimaging. In: Pediatric neuroendocrinology. Basel: Karger, 2009. Pp. 160-174. DOI: 10.1159/000262537.Han S., Gao W., Jing Z. et al. How to deal with giant pituitary adenomas: transsphenoidal or transcranial, simultaneous or two-staged? J Neurooncol 2017;132:313-21. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2371-6.Han S., Gao W., Jing Z. et al. How to deal with giant pituitary adenomas: transsphenoidal or transcranial, simultaneous or two-staged? J Neurooncol 2017;132:313-21. DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2371-6.Goel A., Nadkarni T., Muzumdar D. et al. Giant pituitary tumors: a study based on surgical treatment of 118 cases. Surg Neurol 2004;61:436-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2003.08.036.Goel A., Nadkarni T., Muzumdar D. et al. Giant pituitary tumors: a study based on surgical treatment of 118 cases. Surg Neurol 2004;61:436-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2003.08.036.Koutourousiou M., Gardner P.A., Fernandez-Miranda J.C. et al. Endoscopic endonasal surgery for giant pituitary adenomas: advantages and limitations. J Neurosurg 2013;118:621-31. DOI: 10.3171/2012.11.JNS121190.Koutourousiou M., Gardner P.A., Fernandez-Miranda J.C. et al. Endoscopic endonasal surgery for giant pituitary adenomas: advantages and limitations. J Neurosurg 2013;118:621-31. DOI: 10.3171/2012.11.JNS121190.Mortini P., Barzaghi R., Losa M. et al. Surgical treatment of giant pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery 2007;60:993-1004. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000255459.14764.BA.Mortini P., Barzaghi R., Losa M. et al. Surgical treatment of giant pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery 2007;60:993-1004. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000255459.14764.BA.Casanueva F.F., Molitch M.E., Schlechte J.A. et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65:265-73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x.Casanueva F.F., Molitch M.E., Schlechte J.A. et al. Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65:265-73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x.Gillam M.P., Molitch M.E., Lombardi G. et al. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev 2006;27:485-534. DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-9998.Gillam M.P., Molitch M.E., Lombardi G. et al. Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev 2006;27:485-534. DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-9998.Dombrowski R.C., Romeo J.H., Aron D.C. Verapamil-induced hyperprolactememia complicated by a pituitary incidentaloma. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:999-1001. DOI: 10.1177/106002809502901009.Dombrowski R.C., Romeo J.H., Aron D.C. Verapamil-induced hyperprolactememia complicated by a pituitary incidentaloma. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:999-1001. DOI: 10.1177/106002809502901009.Landolt A.M., Wuthrich R., Fellmann H. Regression of pituitary prolactinoma after treatment with bromocriptine. Lancet 1979;1:1082-3.Landolt A.M., Wuthrich R., Fellmann H. Regression of pituitary prolactinoma after treatment with bromocriptine. Lancet 1979;1:1082-3.Mehta G.U., Lonser R.R. Management of hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. Neuro Oncol 2016;19:now130. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now130.Mehta G.U., Lonser R.R. Management of hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. Neuro Oncol 2016;19:now130. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now130.Molitch M.E. Prolactinoma in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:885-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.011.Molitch M.E. Prolactinoma in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:885-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.011.Andereggen L., Frey J., Andres R.H. et al. 10-year follow-up study comparing primary medical vs. surgical therapy in women with prolactinomas. Endocrine 2017;55:223-30. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1115-2.Andereggen L., Frey J., Andres R.H. et al. 10-year follow-up study comparing primary medical vs. surgical therapy in women with prolactinomas. Endocrine 2017;55:223-30. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1115-2.Delgrange E., Daems T., Verhelst J. et al. Characterization of resistance to the prolactin-lowering effects of cabergoline in macroprolactinomas: a study in 122 patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160: 747-52. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-09-0012.Delgrange E., Daems T., Verhelst J. et al. Characterization of resistance to the prolactin-lowering effects of cabergoline in macroprolactinomas: a study in 122 patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160: 747-52. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-09-0012.Webster J., Piscitelli G., Polli A. et al. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 1994;331:904-9. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199410063311403.Webster J., Piscitelli G., Polli A. et al. A comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in the treatment of hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 1994;331:904-9. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199410063311403.Colao A., Vitale G., Cappabianca P. et al. Outcome of cabergoline treatment in men with prolactinoma: effects of a 24-month treatment on prolactin levels, tumor mass, recovery of pituitary function, and semen analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1704-11. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030979.Colao A., Vitale G., Cappabianca P. et al. Outcome of cabergoline treatment in men with prolactinoma: effects of a 24-month treatment on prolactin levels, tumor mass, recovery of pituitary function, and semen analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:1704-11. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030979.Colao A., Di Somma C., Pivonello R. et al. Medical therapy for clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008;15:905-15. DOI: 10.1677/ERC-08-0181.Colao A., Di Somma C., Pivonello R. et al. Medical therapy for clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008;15:905-15. DOI: 10.1677/ERC-08-0181.Salvatori R. Surgical treatment of microprolactinomas: pros. Endocrine 2014;47:725-9. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0281-3.Salvatori R. Surgical treatment of microprolactinomas: pros. Endocrine 2014;47:725-9. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0281-3.Hu J., Zheng X., Zhang W. et al. Current drug withdrawal strategy in prolactinoma patients treated with cabergoline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary 2015;18:745-51. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-014-0617-2.Hu J., Zheng X., Zhang W. et al. Current drug withdrawal strategy in prolactinoma patients treated with cabergoline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary 2015;18:745-51. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-014-0617-2.Radoi M., Stefanescu F., Vakilnejad R. et al. Combined surgical and medical treatment of giant prolactinoma: case report. Rom Neurosurg 2016;30:200-8. DOI: 10.1515/romneu-2016-0031.Radoi M., Stefanescu F., Vakilnejad R. et al. Combined surgical and medical treatment of giant prolactinoma: case report. Rom Neurosurg 2016;30:200-8. DOI: 10.1515/romneu-2016-0031.Pouratian N., Sheehan J., Jagannathan J. et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for medically and surgically refractory prolactinomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59:255-66. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000223445.22938.BD.Pouratian N., Sheehan J., Jagannathan J. et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for medically and surgically refractory prolactinomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59:255-66. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000223445.22938.BD.Tanaka S., Link M.J., Brown P.D. et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. World Neurosurg 2010;74:147-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.05.007.Tanaka S., Link M.J., Brown P.D. et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. World Neurosurg 2010;74:147-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2010.05.007.Pivonello R., De Leo M., Vitale P. et al. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2010;92:77-81. DOI: 10.1159/000314319.Pivonello R., De Leo M., Vitale P. et al. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in Cushing’s syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2010;92:77-81. DOI: 10.1159/000314319.Tomita A. [Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis - mechanisms and preventions (In Japanese)]. Nihon Rinsho 1998;56:1574-8.Tomita A. [Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis - mechanisms and preventions (In Japanese)]. Nihon Rinsho 1998;56:1574-8.Мельниченко Г.А., Дедов И.И., Белая Ж.Е. и др. Болезнь Иценко-Ку-шинга: клиника, диагностика, дифференциальная диагностика, методы лечения. Проблемы эндокринологии 2015;61:55-77. DOI: 10.14341/probl201561255-77.Melnichenko G.A., Dedov I.I., Belaya Z.E. et al. Cushing’s disease: the clinical features, diagnostics, differential diagnostics, and methods of treatment. Probl Endocrinol 2015; 61:55-77. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14341/probl201561255-77.Peck W., Dillon W., Norman D. et al. High-resolution MR imaging of pituitary microadenomas at 1.5 T: experience with Cushing disease. Am J Roentgenol 1989;152:145-51. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.152.1.145.Peck W., Dillon W., Norman D. et al. High-resolution MR imaging of pituitary microadenomas at 1.5 T: experience with Cushing disease. Am J Roentgenol 1989;152:145-51. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.152.1.145.Hur K.Y., Kim J.H., Kim B.J. et al. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s disease in Korea. Endocrinol Metab 2015;30:7. DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.7.Hur K.Y., Kim J.H., Kim B.J. et al. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s disease in Korea. Endocrinol Metab 2015;30:7. DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2015.30.1.7.Biller B.M.K., Grossman A.B., Stewart P.M. et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2454-62. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2734.Biller B.M.K., Grossman A.B., Stewart P.M. et al. Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing’s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2454-62. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2734.Valassi E., Biller B.M.K., Swearingen B. et al. Delayed remission after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:601-10. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1672.Valassi E., Biller B.M.K., Swearingen B. et al. Delayed remission after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:601-10. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1672.Ciric I., Zhao J.-C., Du H. et al. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Neurosurgery 2012;70:70-81. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31822dda2c.Ciric I., Zhao J.-C., Du H. et al. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Neurosurgery 2012;70:70-81. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31822dda2c.Lodish M., Dunn S.V., Sinaii N. et al. Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis in children and adolescents after surgical cure of Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1483-91. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2325.Lodish M., Dunn S.V., Sinaii N. et al. Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis in children and adolescents after surgical cure of Cushing’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1483-91. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2325.Petersenn S., Beckers A., Ferone D. et al. Therapy of endocrine disease: outcomes in patients with Cushing’s disease undergoing transsphenoidal surgery: systematic review assessing criteria used to define remission and recurrence. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;172:R227-39. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-14-0883.Petersenn S., Beckers A., Ferone D. et al. Therapy of endocrine disease: outcomes in patients with Cushing’s disease undergoing transsphenoidal surgery: systematic review assessing criteria used to define remission and recurrence. Eur J Endocrinol 2015;172:R227-39. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-14-0883.Biermasz N.R., Smit J.W.A., Pereira A.M. et al. Acromegaly caused by growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing tumors: long-term observational studies in three patients. Pituitary 2007;10:237-49. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-007-0045-7.Biermasz N.R., Smit J.W.A., Pereira A.M. et al. Acromegaly caused by growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing tumors: long-term observational studies in three patients. Pituitary 2007;10:237-49. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-007-0045-7.Daniel E., Aylwin S., Mustafa O. et al. Effectiveness of metyrapone in treating Cushing’s syndrome: a retrospective multicenter study in 195 Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:4146-54. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2616.Daniel E., Aylwin S., Mustafa O. et al. Effectiveness of metyrapone in treating Cushing’s syndrome: a retrospective multicenter study in 195 Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:4146-54. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2616.Lo Re V., Carbonari D.M., Lewis J.D. et al. Oral azole antifungal medications and risk of acute liver injury, overall and by chronic liver disease status. Am J Med 2016;129:283-291.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.029.Lo Re V., Carbonari D.M., Lewis J.D. et al. Oral azole antifungal medications and risk of acute liver injury, overall and by chronic liver disease status. Am J Med 2016;129:283-291.e5. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.029.Vilar L., Naves L.A., Azevedo M.F. et al. Effectiveness of cabergoline in monotherapy and combined with ketoconazole in the management of Cushing’s disease. Pituitary 2010;13:123-9. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0209-8.Vilar L., Naves L.A., Azevedo M.F. et al. Effectiveness of cabergoline in monotherapy and combined with ketoconazole in the management of Cushing’s disease. Pituitary 2010;13:123-9. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-009-0209-8.Estrada J., Boronat M., Mielgo M. et al. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. N Engl J Med 1997;336:172-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199701163360303.Estrada J., Boronat M., Mielgo M. et al. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. N Engl J Med 1997;336:172-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199701163360303.Sheehan J.P., Xu Z., Salvetti D.J. et al. Results of Gamma Knife surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 2013;119:1486-92. DOI: 10.3171/2013.7.JNS13217.Sheehan J.P., Xu Z., Salvetti D.J. et al. Results of Gamma Knife surgery for Cushing’s disease. J Neurosurg 2013;119:1486-92. DOI: 10.3171/2013.7.JNS13217.Bertagna X., Guignat L. Approach to the Cushing’s disease patient with persistent/recurrent hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:1307-18. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3200.Bertagna X., Guignat L. Approach to the Cushing’s disease patient with persistent/recurrent hypercortisolism after pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:1307-18. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3200.Nagesser S.K., van Seters A.P., Kievit J. et al. Long-term results of total adrenalectomy for Cushing’s disease. World J Surg 2000;24:108-13.Nagesser S.K., van Seters A.P., Kievit J. et al. Long-term results of total adrenalectomy for Cushing’s disease. World J Surg 2000;24:108-13.Biermasz N.R., Smit J.W.A., Pereira A.M. et al. Acromegaly caused by growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing tumors: long-term observational studies in three patients. Pituitary 2007;10:237-49. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-007-0045-7.Biermasz N.R., Smit J.W.A., Pereira A.M. et al. Acromegaly caused by growth hormone-releasing hormone-producing tumors: long-term observational studies in three patients. Pituitary 2007;10:237-49. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-007-0045-7.Dekkers O.M., Biermasz N.R., Pereira A.M. et al. Mortality in Acromegaly: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:61-7. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1191.Dekkers O.M., Biermasz N.R., Pereira A.M. et al. Mortality in Acromegaly: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:61-7. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1191.Oshino S., Nishino A., Suzuki T. et al. Prevalence of cerebral aneurysm in patients with acromegaly. Pituitary 2013;16:195-201. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-012-0404-x.Oshino S., Nishino A., Suzuki T. et al. Prevalence of cerebral aneurysm in patients with acromegaly. Pituitary 2013;16:195-201. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-012-0404-x.Rajasoorya C., Holdaway I.M., Wrightson P. et al. Determinants of clinical outcome and survival in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 41:95-102.Rajasoorya C., Holdaway I.M., Wrightson P. et al. Determinants of clinical outcome and survival in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 41:95-102.Katznelson L., Laws Jr. E.R., Melmed S. et al. Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:3933-51. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2700.Katznelson L., Laws Jr. E.R., Melmed S. et al. Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:3933-51. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2700.Bello M.O., Garla V.V. Gigantism and acromegaly. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing, 2019. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30855849.Bello M.O., Garla V.V. Gigantism and acromegaly. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing, 2019. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30855849.Geffner M.E. The growth without growth hormone syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996;25:649-63. DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70345-5.Geffner M.E. The growth without growth hormone syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996;25:649-63. DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70345-5.Giustina A., Chanson P., Bronstein M.D. et al. A consensus on criteria for cure of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95: 3141-8. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2670.Giustina A., Chanson P., Bronstein M.D. et al. A consensus on criteria for cure of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95: 3141-8. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2670.Melmed S., Casanueva F., Cavagnini F. et al. Consensus statement: medical management of acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;153:737-40. DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.02036.Melmed S., Casanueva F., Cavagnini F. et al. Consensus statement: medical management of acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;153:737-40. DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.02036.Starke R.M., Raper D.M.S., Payne S.C. et al. Endoscopic vs microsurgical transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: outcomes in a concurrent series of patients using modern criteria for remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3190-8. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1036.Starke R.M., Raper D.M.S., Payne S.C. et al. Endoscopic vs microsurgical transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: outcomes in a concurrent series of patients using modern criteria for remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3190-8. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1036.Mercado M., Borges F., Bouterfa H. et al. A prospective, multicentre study to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of octreotide LAR (long-acting repeatable octreotide) in the primary therapy of patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:859-68. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02825.x.Mercado M., Borges F., Bouterfa H. et al. A prospective, multicentre study to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of octreotide LAR (long-acting repeatable octreotide) in the primary therapy of patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;66:859-68. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02825.x.Chanson P., Borson-Chazot F., Kuhn J.-M. et al. Control of IGF-I levels with titrated dosing of lanreotide Autogel over 48 weeks in patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;69:299-305. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03208.x.Chanson P., Borson-Chazot F., Kuhn J.-M. et al. Control of IGF-I levels with titrated dosing of lanreotide Autogel over 48 weeks in patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;69:299-305. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03208.x.Abs R., Verhelst J., Maiter D. et al. Cabergoline in the treatment of acromegaly: a study in 64 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:374-8. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.2.4556.Abs R., Verhelst J., Maiter D. et al. Cabergoline in the treatment of acromegaly: a study in 64 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:374-8. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.2.4556.Van der Lely A.J., Biller B.M.K., Brue T. et al. Long-term safety of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly: comprehensive review of 1288 subjects in ACROSTUDY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1589-97. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2508.Van der Lely A.J., Biller B.M.K., Brue T. et al. Long-term safety of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly: comprehensive review of 1288 subjects in ACROSTUDY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1589-97. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2508.Trainer P.J., Drake W.M., Katznelson L. et al. Treatment of acromegaly with the growth hormone - receptor antagonist pegvisomant. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1171-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200004203421604.Trainer P.J., Drake W.M., Katznelson L. et al. Treatment of acromegaly with the growth hormone - receptor antagonist pegvisomant. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1171-7. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200004203421604.Faglia G., Beck-Peccoz P., Piscitelli G. et al. Inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary. Horm Res 1987;26:79-99. DOI: 10.1159/000180687.Faglia G., Beck-Peccoz P., Piscitelli G. et al. Inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin by the pituitary. Horm Res 1987;26:79-99. DOI: 10.1159/000180687.Grisoli F., Leclercq T., Winteler J.-P. et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas and hyperthyroidism. Surg Neurol 1986;25:361-8. DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(86)90211-9.Grisoli F., Leclercq T., Winteler J.-P. et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas and hyperthyroidism. Surg Neurol 1986;25:361-8. DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(86)90211-9.Nazato D.M., Abucham J. Diagnosis and treatment of TSH-secreting adenomas: review of a longtime experience in a reference center. J Endocrinol Invest 2018;41:447-54. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0770-3.Nazato D.M., Abucham J. Diagnosis and treatment of TSH-secreting adenomas: review of a longtime experience in a reference center. J Endocrinol Invest 2018;41:447-54. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0770-3.Beck-Peccoz P., Persani L., Mannavola D. et al. TSH-secreting adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;23:597-606. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.05.006.Beck-Peccoz P., Persani L., Mannavola D. et al. TSH-secreting adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;23:597-606. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.05.006.Yamada S., Fukuhara N., Horiguchi K. et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and therapeutic outcomes in thyrotropinsecreting pituitary adenomas: a singlecenter study of 90 cases. J Neurosurg 2014;121:1462-73. DOI: 10.3171/2014.7.JNS1471.Yamada S., Fukuhara N., Horiguchi K. et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and therapeutic outcomes in thyrotropinsecreting pituitary adenomas: a singlecenter study of 90 cases. J Neurosurg 2014;121:1462-73. DOI: 10.3171/2014.7.JNS1471.Sanno N., Teramoto A., Osamura R.Y. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Clinical and biological heterogeneity and current treatment. J Neurooncol 2001;54:179-86. DOI: 10.1023/a1012917701756.Sanno N., Teramoto A., Osamura R.Y. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Clinical and biological heterogeneity and current treatment. J Neurooncol 2001;54:179-86. DOI: 10.1023/a1012917701756.Brucker-Davis F., Oldfield E.H., Skarulis M.C. et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors: diagnostic criteria, thyroid hormone sensitivity, and treatment outcome in 25 patients followed at the National Institutes of Health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:476-86. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.2.5505.Brucker-Davis F., Oldfield E.H., Skarulis M.C. et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors: diagnostic criteria, thyroid hormone sensitivity, and treatment outcome in 25 patients followed at the National Institutes of Health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:476-86. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.2.5505.Amlashi F.G., Tritos N.A. Thyrotropinsecreting pituitary adenomas: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Endocrine 2016;52:427-40. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0863-3.Amlashi F.G., Tritos N.A. Thyrotropinsecreting pituitary adenomas: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Endocrine 2016;52:427-40. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0863-3.Chanson P., Weintraub B.D., Harris A.G. Octreotide therapy for thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. A follow-up of 52 patients. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:236-40.Chanson P., Weintraub B.D., Harris A.G. Octreotide therapy for thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. A follow-up of 52 patients. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:236-40.Ness-Abramof R., Ishay A., Harel G. et al. TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: follow-up of 11 cases and review of the literature. Pituitary 2007;10:307-10. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-007-0020-3.Ness-Abramof R., Ishay A., Harel G. et al. TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: follow-up of 11 cases and review of the literature. Pituitary 2007;10:307-10. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-007-0020-3.Malchiodi E., Profka E., Ferrante E. et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: outcome of pituitary surgery and irradiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:2069-76. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4376.Malchiodi E., Profka E., Ferrante E. et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: outcome of pituitary surgery and irradiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:2069-76. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4376.Jane J.A. Jr, Laws E.R. Jr. Surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas. In: Feingold K.R., Anawalt B., Boyce A. et al. Endotext. South Dartmouth, 2000.Jane J.A. Jr, Laws E.R. Jr. Surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas. In: Feingold K.R., Anawalt B., Boyce A. et al. Endotext. South Dartmouth, 2000.Esposito D., Olsson D.S., Ragnarsson O. et al. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: indications for pituitary surgery and post-surgical management. Pituitary 2019;22:422-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-019-00960-0.Esposito D., Olsson D.S., Ragnarsson O. et al. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: indications for pituitary surgery and post-surgical management. Pituitary 2019;22:422-34. DOI: 10.1007/s11102-019-00960-0.Nomikos P., Ladar C., Fahlbusch R. et al. Impact of primary surgery on pituitary function in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas: a study on 721 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2004;146:27-35. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-003-0174-3.Nomikos P., Ladar C., Fahlbusch R. et al. Impact of primary surgery on pituitary function in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas: a study on 721 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2004;146:27-35. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-003-0174-3.Karavitaki N., Collison K., Halliday J. et al. What is the natural history of nonope-rated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;67:938-43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02990.x.Karavitaki N., Collison K., Halliday J. et al. What is the natural history of nonope-rated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;67:938-43. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02990.x.Colao A., Di Somma C., Pivonello R. et al. Medical therapy for clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008;15:905-15. DOI: 10.1677/ERC-08-0181.Colao A., Di Somma C., Pivonello R. et al. Medical therapy for clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008;15:905-15. DOI: 10.1677/ERC-08-0181.Drummond J.B., Ribeiro-Oliveira A. Jr., Soares B.S. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas. In: Feingold K.R., Anawalt B., Boyce A. et al. Endotext. South Dartmouth: MDText. com, Inc., 2000-2018.Drummond J.B., Ribeiro-Oliveira A. Jr., Soares B.S. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas. In: Feingold K.R., Anawalt B., Boyce A. et al. Endotext. South Dartmouth: MDText. com, Inc., 2000-2018.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.