<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">neurosurgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Нейрохирургия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian journal of neurosurgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1683-3295</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-7569</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Издательский дом "МедИНК"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1683-3295-2019-21-3-44-51</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">neurosurgery-745</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL REPORT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комплексный анализ МРТ-признаков в дифференциальной диагностике идиопатической нормотензивной гидроцефалии. Предикторы эффективности хирургического лечения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Computerized predictive model for differential diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus based on complex analysis of MRI image</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-1533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилов</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilov</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гаспар Владимирович Гаврилов</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gaspar_gavrilov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2615-269X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Станишевский</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stanishevskiy</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2430-1927</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайдар</surname><given-names>Б. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaydar</surname><given-names>B. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3922-9887</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свистов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Svistov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4797-2937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабичев</surname><given-names>К. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Babichev</surname><given-names>K. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9761-7095</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адлейба</surname><given-names>Б. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Adleyba</surname><given-names>B. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова» Минобороны России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defense of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гаврилов Г.В., Станишевский А.В., Гайдар Б.В., Свистов Д.В., Бабичев К.Н., Адлейба Б.Г., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаврилов Г.В., Станишевский А.В., Гайдар Б.В., Свистов Д.В., Бабичев К.Н., Адлейба Б.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gavrilov G.V., Stanishevskiy A.V., Gaydar B.V., Svistov D.V., Babichev K.N., Adleyba B.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.therjn.com/jour/article/view/745">https://www.therjn.com/jour/article/view/745</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Основная сложность дифференциальной диагностики идиопатической нормотензивной гидроцефалии (иНТГ) – разграничение ее и других заболеваний центральной нервной системы, сопровождающихся расстройствами ходьбы и когнитивных функций. Для верификации диагноза иНТГ и определения показаний к хирургическому лечению используют лучевые и инвазивные методы диагностики.</p><p>Цель исследования – выявление наиболее характерных для иНТГ признаков по данным магнитно-резонансной томографии (МРТ) и создание на их основе компьютерной модели для дифференциальной диагностики иНТГ и заболеваний, имеющих сходную клиническую симптоматику.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен ретроспективный анализ данных МРТ 213 пациентов с иНТГ, 144 пациентов с дегенеративными и сосудистыми заболеваниями головного мозга (болезнью Паркинсона, болезнью Альцгеймера, сосудистой деменцией и др.) и 79 пациентов без патологических изменений головного мозга. Оценивались следующие признаки: индекс Эванса, размер III желудочка, поперечный размер височных рогов боковых желудочков, диспропорциональное расширение субарахноидальных пространств, локальное расширение конвекситальных борозд полушарий, угол мозолистого тела, перивентрикулярные изменения, субкортикальный глиоз и расширение периваскулярных пространств. Проведен дискриминантный анализ полученных данных и сформирована классификационная матрица.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Построена классификационная модель и создана электронная таблица Microsoft Excel, позволяющая при внесении данных, полученных при МРТ, выявлять у пациента иНТГ или дегенеративное заболевание центральной нервной системы. Прогностическая точность модели в отношении иНТГ по результатам апробации достигает 99,5 %, в отношении дегенеративных и сосудистых заболеваний – 89 %, а в отношении нормы – 77 %. Общая диагностическая точность модели – 92 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В работе продемонстрированы преимущества комплексной оценки МРТ-признаков в дифференциальной диагностике иНТГ, создана прогностическая модель, позволяющая на основании данных о выявленных при МРТ изменениях головного мозга судить о наличии у пациента иНТГ и дегенеративных заболеваний головного мозга.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. The main problem is to differentiate idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) with other neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by similar clinical presentation. For this purpose, a number of neuroimaging and invasive methods were proposed.</p><p>The study objective is to assess most reliable magnetic resonance (MR) symptoms of iNPH and to create a prognostic model for differential diagnosis of iNPH by these criteria.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. MR-data of 213 iNPH, 144 neurodegenerative (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and early mild cognitive impairment) patients and 79 healthy age-matched controls were retrospectively analyzed. Following criteria were assessed: Evans Index, size of the third ventricle, size of temporal horns, disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus, focal convexital sulci enlargement, callosal angle, periventricular hyperintensities, focal subcortical gliosis and perivascular spaces enlargement. One-way ANOVA was used to explore differences between groups. Classification matrix was formed by discriminant analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Differential model was established and Excel-tab-calculator was created for complex computed assessment of MR data and differential diagnosis of iNPH patients. Prognostic accuracy of model for iNPH reaches 99.5 %, for degenerative disorders – 89 %, common diagnostic accuracy is 92 %.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>идиопатическая нормотензивная гидроцефалия</kwd><kwd>лучевая диагностика</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>предиктор</kwd><kwd>прогностический фактор</kwd><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>сосудистая деменция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>radiology</kwd><kwd>magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>predictor</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer disease</kwd><kwd>Parkinson disease</kwd><kwd>vascular dementia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaraj D., Rabiei K., Marlow T. et al. Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology 2014;82(16): 1449–54. DOI: 10.1212/WNL. 0000000000000342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaraj D., Rabiei K., Marlow T. et al. Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology 2014;82(16): 1449–54. DOI: 10.1212/WNL. 0000000000000342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosell C.M., Andersson J., Kockum K. et al. Prevalence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus – a pilot study in Jämtland, Sweden. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015;12(Suppl 1):55. DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-12-S1-O55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosell C.M., Andersson J., Kockum K. et al. Prevalence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus – a pilot study in Jämtland, Sweden. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015;12(Suppl 1):55. DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-12-S1-O55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toma A.K., Papadopoulos M.C., Stapleton S. et al. Systematic review of the outcome of shunt surgery in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(10): 1977–80. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1835-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toma A.K., Papadopoulos M.C., Stapleton S. et al. Systematic review of the outcome of shunt surgery in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(10): 1977–80. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1835-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tullberg M., Persson J., Petersen J. et al. Shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is cost-effective – a cost utility analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018;160(3):509–18. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3394-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tullberg M., Persson J., Petersen J. et al. Shunt surgery in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus is cost-effective – a cost utility analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018;160(3):509–18. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3394-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lemcke J., Stengel D., Stockhammer F. et al. Nationwide incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus(NPH) assessed by insurance claim data in Germany. Open Neurol J 2016;10:15–24. DOI: 10.2174/1874205X01610010015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lemcke J., Stengel D., Stockhammer F. et al. Nationwide incidence of normal pressure hydrocephalus(NPH) assessed by insurance claim data in Germany. Open Neurol J 2016;10:15–24. DOI: 10.2174/1874205X01610010015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabral D., Beach T.G., Vedders L. et al. Frequency of Alzheimer’s disease pathology at autopsy in patients with clinical normal pressure hydrocephalus. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7(5):509–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabral D., Beach T.G., Vedders L. et al. Frequency of Alzheimer’s disease pathology at autopsy in patients with clinical normal pressure hydrocephalus. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7(5):509–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lundin F., Tisell A., Dahlqvist Leinhard O. et al. Reduced thalamic N-acetylaspartate in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a controlled 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of frontal deep white matter and the thalamus using absolute quantification. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82(7):772–8. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.223529.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lundin F., Tisell A., Dahlqvist Leinhard O. et al. Reduced thalamic N-acetylaspartate in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a controlled 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of frontal deep white matter and the thalamus using absolute quantification. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82(7):772–8. DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.223529.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perry A., Graffeo C.S., Fattahi N. et al. Clinical correlation of abnormal findings on magnetic resonance elastography in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg 2017;99:695–700. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perry A., Graffeo C.S., Fattahi N. et al. Clinical correlation of abnormal findings on magnetic resonance elastography in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg 2017;99:695–700. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.12.121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamiya K., Hori M., Irie R. et al. Diffusion imaging of reversible and irreversible microstructural changes within the corticospinal tract in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neuroimage Clin 2017;14:663–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamiya K., Hori M., Irie R. et al. Diffusion imaging of reversible and irreversible microstructural changes within the corticospinal tract in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neuroimage Clin 2017;14:663–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin L.K., Zheng J.J., Zhao L. et al. Reversed aqueductal cerebrospinal fluid net flow in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand 2017;136(5):434–9. DOI: 10.1111/ane.12750.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin L.K., Zheng J.J., Zhao L. et al. Reversed aqueductal cerebrospinal fluid net flow in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurol Scand 2017;136(5):434–9. DOI: 10.1111/ane.12750.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans W.A.J. An encephalographic ratio for estimating ventricular enlargement and cerebral atrophy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1942;47:931–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans W.A.J. An encephalographic ratio for estimating ventricular enlargement and cerebral atrophy. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1942;47:931–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaraj D., Rabiei K., Marlow T. et al. Estimated ventricle size using Evans index: reference values from a population-based sample. Eur J Neurol 2017;24(3):468–74. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaraj D., Rabiei K., Marlow T. et al. Estimated ventricle size using Evans index: reference values from a population-based sample. Eur J Neurol 2017;24(3):468–74. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shinoda N., Hirai O., Hori S. et al. Utility of MRI-based disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus scoring for predicting prognosis after surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: clinical research. J Neurosurg 2017;127(6):1436–42. DOI: 10.3171/2016.9.JNS161080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shinoda N., Hirai O., Hori S. et al. Utility of MRI-based disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus scoring for predicting prognosis after surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: clinical research. J Neurosurg 2017;127(6):1436–42. DOI: 10.3171/2016.9.JNS161080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svendsen P., Duru O. Visibility of the temporal horns on computed tomography. Neuroradiology 1981;21(3):139–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svendsen P., Duru O. Visibility of the temporal horns on computed tomography. Neuroradiology 1981;21(3):139–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishii K., Kanda T., Harada A. et al. Clinical impact of the callosal angle in the diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Eur Radiol 2008;18(11):2678–83. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-1044-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishii K., Kanda T., Harada A. et al. Clinical impact of the callosal angle in the diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Eur Radiol 2008;18(11):2678–83. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-1044-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ringstad G., Vatnehol S.A.S., Eide P.K. Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain 2017;140(10):2691–705. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ringstad G., Vatnehol S.A.S., Eide P.K. Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Brain 2017;140(10):2691–705. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doubal F.N., MacLullich A.M., Ferguson K.J. et al. Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2010;41(3): 450–4. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA. 109.564914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doubal F.N., MacLullich A.M., Ferguson K.J. et al. Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2010;41(3): 450–4. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA. 109.564914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sasaki M., Honda S., Yuasa T. et al. Narrow CSF space at high convexity and high midline areas in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus detected by axial and coronal MRI. Neuroradiology 2008;50(2):117–22. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-007-0318-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sasaki M., Honda S., Yuasa T. et al. Narrow CSF space at high convexity and high midline areas in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus detected by axial and coronal MRI. Neuroradiology 2008;50(2):117–22. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-007-0318-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Narita W., Nishio Y., Baba T. et al. High-convexity tightness predicts the shunt response in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37(10):1831–7. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narita W., Nishio Y., Baba T. et al. High-convexity tightness predicts the shunt response in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016;37(10):1831–7. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Virhammar J., Laurell K., Cesarini K.G., Larsson E.M. Preoperative prognostic value of MRI findings in 108 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35(12):2311–8. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Virhammar J., Laurell K., Cesarini K.G., Larsson E.M. Preoperative prognostic value of MRI findings in 108 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35(12):2311–8. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kockum K., Lilja-Lund O., Larsson E.M. et al. The idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus Radscale: a radiological scale for structured evaluation. Eur J Neurol 2018;25(3):569–76. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kockum K., Lilja-Lund O., Larsson E.M. et al. The idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus Radscale: a radiological scale for structured evaluation. Eur J Neurol 2018;25(3):569–76. DOI: 10.1111/ene.13555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
