neurosurgeryНейрохирургияRussian journal of neurosurgery1683-32952587-7569Издательский дом "МедИНК"10.17650/1683-3295-2023-25-4-129-137neurosurgery-1459Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWХирургия в сознании в нейроонкологии. Часть 1. Особенности анестезии, критерии отбора больных, преимущества и недостатки методаAwake surgery in neurooncology. Part 1. Anesthesia features, selection of patients, method’s advantages and drawbackshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-9701ДмитриевА. Ю.DmitrievA. Yu.

Александр Юрьевич Дмитриев,

129090 Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., 3;

127473 Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090;

Bld. 1, 20 Delegatskaya St., Moscow 127473

dmitriev@neurosklif.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5026-0060СинкинМ. В.SinkinM. V.

129090 Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., 3;

127473 Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090;

Bld. 1, 20 Delegatskaya St., Moscow 127473

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-1433СолодовА. А.SolodovA. A.

129090 Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., 3;

127473 Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090;

Bld. 1, 20 Delegatskaya St., Moscow 127473

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5847-9435ДашьянВ. Г.DashyanV. G.

129090 Москва, Большая Сухаревская пл., 3;

127473 Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1

3 Bolshaya Sukharevskaya Sq., Moscow 129090;

Bld. 1, 20 Delegatskaya St., Moscow 127473

ГБУЗ «Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи им. Н.В. Склифосовского Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияN.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department; A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dental University, Ministry of Health of RussiaRussian Federation202328012024254129137Copyright © Дмитриев А.Ю., Синкин М.В., Солодов А.А., Дашьян В.Г., 20242024Дмитриев А.Ю., Синкин М.В., Солодов А.А., Дашьян В.Г.Dmitriev A.Y., Sinkin M.V., Solodov A.A., Dashyan V.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.therjn.com/jour/article/view/1459

Для снижения дискомфорта пациента при выполнении операции в сознании больному придают удобное положение на операционном столе, поддерживают комфортную температуру и тесный контакт с медицинским персоналом. Анестезиологические особенности хирургии с пробуждением включают выполнение местной и проводниковой анестезии точек выхода черепных нервов, легкую седацию, контроль за состоянием дыхательных путей и инфильтрацию анестетиком твердой мозговой оболочки. Пребывание пациента в сознании на этапе хирургического доступа повышает правильность выполнения интраоперационных тестов во время основного этапа операции, но требует более тщательного местного обезболивания и анестезиологического контроля за состоянием больного.

Применение интраоперационного нейромониторинга у больных в сознании повышает радикальность резекции глиом и снижает вероятность развития стойких очаговых неврологических нарушений.

Риски операций, выполняемых у больных в сознании, разделяют на дыхательные, неврологические, кардиологические и психологические. Интраоперационно эпилептические приступы возникают в 3–12 % случаев.

Большинство пациентов положительно оценивают операции с пробуждением и согласны на повторные подобные хирургические вмешательства.

To reduce patient’s discomfort during awake surgery convenient patient’s position on operation table is applied, comfort temperature and close contact to psychologist are supported. Anesthesiologic features of awake surgery include regional and conduction anesthesia of scalp nerves, light sedation, attentive control over air ways and dural infiltration with anesthetics. Keeping patient’s consciousness during surgical approach increases reliability of intraoperative tests but demands more thorough anesthesia and control over patient’s condition.

Neuromonitoring in awake patient increases extent of gliomas’ resection and decreases risk of permanent neurological disorders.

Risks of awake surgery are devided into respiratory, neurological, cardiological and psychological. Intraoperative seizures arise in 3–12 % of cases.

Most of the patients rate awake surgery positively and agree to repeated similar operations.

хирургия в сознаниикраниотомия в сознанииоперации с пробуждениеманестезиологическое пособиелокорегионарная анестезия скальпаотбор больныхисходырадикальность резекциинейромониторингawake surgeryawake craniotomyanesthetic managementlocoregional anesthesia of the scalppatient’s selectionoutcomesextent of resectionneuromonitoringReferencesTharin S., Golby A. Functional brain mapping and its applications to neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 2007;60(4 Suppl 2):185–201; discussion 201–2. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000255386.95464.52Tharin S., Golby A. Functional brain mapping and its applications to neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 2007;60(4 Suppl 2):185–201; discussion 201–2. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000255386.95464.52Leuthardt E.C., Roland J., Breshears J. et al. Listening to the brain: new techniques in intraoperative brain mapping. Neurosurgery 2013;60(Suppl 1):64–9. DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000430311.63702.77Leuthardt E.C., Roland J., Breshears J. et al. Listening to the brain: new techniques in intraoperative brain mapping. Neurosurgery 2013;60(Suppl 1):64–9. DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000430311.63702.77Ojemann G., Ojemann J., Lettich E., Berger M. Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. J Neurosurg 1989;71(3): 316–26. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1989.71.3.0316Ojemann G., Ojemann J., Lettich E., Berger M. Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients. J Neurosurg 1989;71(3): 316–26. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1989.71.3.0316Gerritsen J.K.W., Arends L., Klimek M. et al. Impact of intraoperative stimulation mapping on high-grade glioma surgery outcome: a meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2019;161(1): 99–107. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-018-3732-4Gerritsen J.K.W., Arends L., Klimek M. et al. Impact of intraoperative stimulation mapping on high-grade glioma surgery outcome: a meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2019;161(1): 99–107. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-018-3732-4Лубнин А.Ю., Синбухова Е.В., Куликов А.С., Кобяков Г.Л. Ощущения пациентов и их удовлетворенность при проведении краниотомии в сознании. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2020;84(5):89–101. DOI: 10.17116/neiro20208405189Lubnin A.Yu., Sinbukhova E.V., Kulikov A.S., Kobyakov G.L. Sensations of patients and their satisfaction during awake craniotomy. Zhurnal Voprosy neirokhirurgii im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko’s Journal of Neurosurgery 2020;84(5):89–101. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/neiro20208405189Лубнин А.Ю. Нейрохирургия в сознании: вперед в прошлое. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2018;82(1):93–101. DOI: 10.17116/neiro201882193-101Lubnin A.Yu. Awake neurosurgery: forward to the past. Zhurnal Voprosy neirokhirurgii im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko’s Journal of Neurosurgery 2018; 82(1):93–101. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/neiro201882193-101Khu K.J., Doglietto F., Radovanovic I. et al. Patients’ perceptions of awake and outpatient craniotomy for brain tumor: a qualitative study. J Neurosurg 2010;112(5):1056–60. DOI: 10.3171/2009.6.JNS09716Khu K.J., Doglietto F., Radovanovic I. et al. Patients’ perceptions of awake and outpatient craniotomy for brain tumor: a qualitative study. J Neurosurg 2010;112(5):1056–60. DOI: 10.3171/2009.6.JNS09716Eseonu C.I., Rincon-Torroella J., ReFaey K., Quiñones-Hinojosa A. The cost of brain surgery: awake vs asleep craniotomy for perirolandic region tumors. Neurosurgery 2017;81(2):307–14. DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx022Eseonu C.I., Rincon-Torroella J., ReFaey K., Quiñones-Hinojosa A. The cost of brain surgery: awake vs asleep craniotomy for perirolandic region tumors. Neurosurgery 2017;81(2):307–14. DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx022Kim S.S., McCutcheon I.E., Suki D. et al. Awake craniotomy for brain tumors near eloquent cortex: correlation of intraoperative cortical mapping with neurological outcomes in 309 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery 2009;64(5):836–45; discussion 345–6. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000342405.80881.81Kim S.S., McCutcheon I.E., Suki D. et al. Awake craniotomy for brain tumors near eloquent cortex: correlation of intraoperative cortical mapping with neurological outcomes in 309 consecutive patients. Neurosurgery 2009;64(5):836–45; discussion 345–6. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000342405.80881.81Meng L., McDonagh D.L., Berger M.S., Gelp A.W. Anesthesia for awake craniotomy: a how-to guide for the occasional practitioner. Can J Anaesth 2017;64(5):517–29. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-017-0840-1Meng L., McDonagh D.L., Berger M.S., Gelp A.W. Anesthesia for awake craniotomy: a how-to guide for the occasional practitioner. Can J Anaesth 2017;64(5):517–29. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-017-0840-1Hill C.S., Severgnini F., McKintosh E. How I do it: awake craniotomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017;159(1):173–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-3021-zHill C.S., Severgnini F., McKintosh E. How I do it: awake craniotomy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017;159(1):173–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-016-3021-zArzoine J., Leve C., Perez-Hick A. et al. Anesthesia management for low-grade glioma awake surgery: a European Low-Grade Glioma Network survey. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020;162(7): 1701–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04274-0Arzoine J., Leve C., Perez-Hick A. et al. Anesthesia management for low-grade glioma awake surgery: a European Low-Grade Glioma Network survey. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020;162(7): 1701–7. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04274-0Hansen E., Seemann M., Zech N. et al. Awake craniotomies without any sedation: the awake-awake-awake technique. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(8):1417–24. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1801-2Hansen E., Seemann M., Zech N. et al. Awake craniotomies without any sedation: the awake-awake-awake technique. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(8):1417–24. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1801-2Deras P., Moulinié G., Maldonado I.L. et al. Intermittent general anesthesia with controlled ventilation for asleep-awake-asleep brain surgery: a prospective series of 140 gliomas in eloquent areas. Neurosurgery 2012;71(4):764–71. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182647ab8Deras P., Moulinié G., Maldonado I.L. et al. Intermittent general anesthesia with controlled ventilation for asleep-awake-asleep brain surgery: a prospective series of 140 gliomas in eloquent areas. Neurosurgery 2012;71(4):764–71. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182647ab8Zemmoura I., Fournier E., El-Hage W. et al. Hypnosis for awake surgery of low-grade gliomas: description of the method and psychological assessment. Neurosurgery 2016;78(1):53–61. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000993Zemmoura I., Fournier E., El-Hage W. et al. Hypnosis for awake surgery of low-grade gliomas: description of the method and psychological assessment. Neurosurgery 2016;78(1):53–61. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000993Duffau H. The reliability of asleep-awake-asleep protocol for intraoperative functional mapping and cognitive monitoring in glioma surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(10):1803–4. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1807-9Duffau H. The reliability of asleep-awake-asleep protocol for intraoperative functional mapping and cognitive monitoring in glioma surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(10):1803–4. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1807-9Ott C., Kerscher C., Luerding R. et al. The impact of sedation on brain mapping: a prospective, interdisciplinary, clinical trial. Neurosurgery 2014;75(2):117–23; discussion 123. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000359Ott C., Kerscher C., Luerding R. et al. The impact of sedation on brain mapping: a prospective, interdisciplinary, clinical trial. Neurosurgery 2014;75(2):117–23; discussion 123. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000359Saito T., Tamura M., Muragaki Y. et al. Intraoperative corticocortical evoked potentials for the evaluation of language function during brain tumor resection: initial experience with 13 cases. J Neurosurg 2014;121(4):827–38. DOI: 10.3171/2014.4.JNS131195 1Saito T., Tamura M., Muragaki Y. et al. Intraoperative corticocortical evoked potentials for the evaluation of language function during brain tumor resection: initial experience with 13 cases. J Neurosurg 2014;121(4):827–38. DOI: 10.3171/2014.4.JNS131195 1Goebel S., Nabavi A., Schubert S., Mehdorn H.M. Patient perception of combined awake brain tumor surgery and intraoperative 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging: the Kiel experience. Neurosurgery 2010;67(3):594–600; discussion 600. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000374870.46963.BBGoebel S., Nabavi A., Schubert S., Mehdorn H.M. Patient perception of combined awake brain tumor surgery and intraoperative 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging: the Kiel experience. Neurosurgery 2010;67(3):594–600; discussion 600. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000374870.46963.BBPereira L.C.M., Oliveira K.M., L’Abbate G.L. et al. Outcome of fully awake craniotomy for lesions near the eloquent cortex: analysis of a prospective surgical series of 79 supratentorial primary brain tumors with long follow-up. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009;151(10):1215–30. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-009-0363-9Pereira L.C.M., Oliveira K.M., L’Abbate G.L. et al. Outcome of fully awake craniotomy for lesions near the eloquent cortex: analysis of a prospective surgical series of 79 supratentorial primary brain tumors with long follow-up. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009;151(10):1215–30. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-009-0363-9Spena G., Nava A., Cassini F. et al. Preoperative and intraoperative brain mapping for the resection of eloquent-area tumors. A prospective analysis of methodology, correlation, and usefulness based on clinical outcomes. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010;152(11):1835–46. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0764-9Spena G., Nava A., Cassini F. et al. Preoperative and intraoperative brain mapping for the resection of eloquent-area tumors. A prospective analysis of methodology, correlation, and usefulness based on clinical outcomes. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010;152(11):1835–46. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0764-9Duffau H. Awake surgery for incidental WHO grade II gliomas involving eloquent areas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012;154(4): 575–84; discussion 584. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-1216-xDuffau H. Awake surgery for incidental WHO grade II gliomas involving eloquent areas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012;154(4): 575–84; discussion 584. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-1216-xVassal F., Schneider F., Sontheimer A. et al. Intraoperative visualisation of language fascicles by diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography in glioma surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(3):437–48. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1580-1Vassal F., Schneider F., Sontheimer A. et al. Intraoperative visualisation of language fascicles by diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography in glioma surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(3):437–48. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1580-1Bello L., Gallucci M., Fava M. et al. Intraoperative subcortical language tract mapping guides surgical removal of gliomas involving speech areas. Neurosurgery 2007;60(1):67–80; discussion 80–2. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000249206.58601.DEBello L., Gallucci M., Fava M. et al. Intraoperative subcortical language tract mapping guides surgical removal of gliomas involving speech areas. Neurosurgery 2007;60(1):67–80; discussion 80–2. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000249206.58601.DESanai N., Mirzadeh Z., Berger M.S. Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. N Engl J Med 2008;358(1):18–27. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa067819Sanai N., Mirzadeh Z., Berger M.S. Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection. N Engl J Med 2008;358(1):18–27. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa067819Eseonu C.I., Rincon-Torroella J., ReFaey K. et al. Awake craniotomy vs craniotomy under general anesthesia for perirolandic gliomas: evaluating perioperative complications and extent of resection. Neurosurgery 2017;81(3):481–9. DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx023Eseonu C.I., Rincon-Torroella J., ReFaey K. et al. Awake craniotomy vs craniotomy under general anesthesia for perirolandic gliomas: evaluating perioperative complications and extent of resection. Neurosurgery 2017;81(3):481–9. DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx023Zelitzki R., Korn A., Arial E. et al. Comparison of motor outcome in patients undergoing awake vs general anesthesia surgery for brain tumors located within or adjacent to the motor pathways. Neurosurgery 2019;85(3):E470–E6. DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz007Zelitzki R., Korn A., Arial E. et al. Comparison of motor outcome in patients undergoing awake vs general anesthesia surgery for brain tumors located within or adjacent to the motor pathways. Neurosurgery 2019;85(3):E470–E6. DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz007Suarez-Meade P., Marenco-Hillembrand L., Prevatt C. et al. Awake vs. asleep motor mapping for glioma resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020;162(7):1709–20. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04357-ySuarez-Meade P., Marenco-Hillembrand L., Prevatt C. et al. Awake vs. asleep motor mapping for glioma resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020;162(7):1709–20. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04357-yBu L.H., Zhang J., Lu J.F., Wu J.S. Glioma surgery with awake language mapping versus generalized anesthesia: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2021;44(4):1997–2011. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01418-9Bu L.H., Zhang J., Lu J.F., Wu J.S. Glioma surgery with awake language mapping versus generalized anesthesia: a systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2021;44(4):1997–2011. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-020-01418-9Zhang J.J.Y., Lee K.S., Voisin M.R. et al. Awake craniotomy for resection of supratentorial glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurooncol Adv 2020;2(1):vdaa111. DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa111Zhang J.J.Y., Lee K.S., Voisin M.R. et al. Awake craniotomy for resection of supratentorial glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurooncol Adv 2020;2(1):vdaa111. DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa111Gupta D.K., Chandra P.S., Ojha B.K. et al. Awake craniotomy versus surgery under general anesthesia for resection of intrinsic lesions of eloquent cortex – a prospective randomised study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007;109(4):335–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.01.008Gupta D.K., Chandra P.S., Ojha B.K. et al. Awake craniotomy versus surgery under general anesthesia for resection of intrinsic lesions of eloquent cortex – a prospective randomised study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2007;109(4):335–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.01.008Brown T., Shah A.H., Bregy A. et al. Awake craniotomy for brain tumor resection: the rule rather than the exception? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2013;25(3):240–7. DOI: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e318290c230Brown T., Shah A.H., Bregy A. et al. Awake craniotomy for brain tumor resection: the rule rather than the exception? J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2013;25(3):240–7. DOI: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e318290c230Hervey-Jumper S.L., Li J., Lau D. et al. Awake craniotomy to maximize glioma resection: methods and technical nuances over a 27-year period. J Neurosurg 2015;123(2):325–39. DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.JNS141520Hervey-Jumper S.L., Li J., Lau D. et al. Awake craniotomy to maximize glioma resection: methods and technical nuances over a 27-year period. J Neurosurg 2015;123(2):325–39. DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.JNS141520Venkatraghavan L., Bharadwaj S., Au K. et al. Same-day discharge after craniotomy for supratentorial tumour surgery: a retrospective observational single-centre study. Can J Anaesth 2016;63(11):1245– 57. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-016-0717-8Venkatraghavan L., Bharadwaj S., Au K. et al. Same-day discharge after craniotomy for supratentorial tumour surgery: a retrospective observational single-centre study. Can J Anaesth 2016;63(11):1245– 57. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-016-0717-8Peruzzi P., Bergese S.D., Viloria A. et al. A retrospective cohortmatched comparison of conscious sedation versus general anesthesia for supratentorial glioma resection. J Neurosurg 2011;114(3):633–9. DOI: 10.3171/2010.5.JNS1041Peruzzi P., Bergese S.D., Viloria A. et al. A retrospective cohortmatched comparison of conscious sedation versus general anesthesia for supratentorial glioma resection. J Neurosurg 2011;114(3):633–9. DOI: 10.3171/2010.5.JNS1041Martino J., Gomez E., Bilbao J.L. et al. Cost-utility of maximal safe resection of WHO grade II gliomas within eloquent areas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(1):41–50. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1541-8Martino J., Gomez E., Bilbao J.L. et al. Cost-utility of maximal safe resection of WHO grade II gliomas within eloquent areas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(1):41–50. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-012-1541-8Куликов А.С., Кобяков Г.Л., Гаврилов А.Г., Лубнин А.Ю. Краниотомия в сознании: анализ неудачных наблюдений. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2015;79(6):15–21. DOI: 10.17116/neiro201579615-21Kulikov A.S., Kobyakov G.L., Gavrilov A.G., Lubnin A.Yu. Awake craniotomy: analysis of complicated cases. Zhurnal Voprosy neirokhirurgii im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko’s Journal of Neurosurgery 2015;79(6):15–21. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/neiro201579615-21Жуков В.Ю., Горяйнов С.А., Буклина С.Б. и др. Интраоперационное картирование длинных ассоциативных трактов в хирургии глиом доминантной по речи лобной доли. Журнал «Вопросы нейрохирургии» им. Н.Н. Бурденко 2018;82(5): 5–20. DOI: 10.17116/neiro2018820515Zhukov V.Yu., Goryaynov S.A., Buklina S.B. et al. Intraoperative mapping of long association fibers in surgery of gliomas of the speech-dominant frontal lobe. Zhurnal Voprosy neirokhirurgii im. N.N. Burdenko = Burdenko’s Journal of Neurosurgery 2018;82(5):5–20. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/neiro2018820515Nossek E., Matot I., Shahar T. et al. Intraoperative seizures during awake craniotomy: incidence and consequences: analysis of 477 patients. Neurosurgery 2013;73(1):135–40; discussion 140. DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000429847.91707.97Nossek E., Matot I., Shahar T. et al. Intraoperative seizures during awake craniotomy: incidence and consequences: analysis of 477 patients. Neurosurgery 2013;73(1):135–40; discussion 140. DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000429847.91707.97Sartorius C.J., Berger M.S. Rapid termination of intraoperative stimulation-evoked seizures with application of cold Ringer’s lactate to the cortex. Technical note. J Neurosurg 1998;88(2):349– 51. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.2.0349Sartorius C.J., Berger M.S. Rapid termination of intraoperative stimulation-evoked seizures with application of cold Ringer’s lactate to the cortex. Technical note. J Neurosurg 1998;88(2):349– 51. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1998.88.2.0349Özlü O. Anaesthesiologist’s approach to awake araniotomy. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2018;46(4):250–6. DOI: 10.5152/TJAR.2018.56255Özlü O. Anaesthesiologist’s approach to awake araniotomy. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2018;46(4):250–6. DOI: 10.5152/TJAR.2018.56255Beez T., Boge K., Wager M. et al. Tolerance of awake surgery for glioma: a prospective European Low Grade Glioma Network multicenter study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(7):1301–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1759-0Beez T., Boge K., Wager M. et al. Tolerance of awake surgery for glioma: a prospective European Low Grade Glioma Network multicenter study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2013;155(7):1301–8. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-013-1759-0Whittle I.R., Midgley S., Georges H. et al. Patient perceptions of ‘‘awake’’ brain tumour surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005;147(3):275–7; discussion 277. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-004-0445-7Whittle I.R., Midgley S., Georges H. et al. Patient perceptions of ‘‘awake’’ brain tumour surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005;147(3):275–7; discussion 277. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-004-0445-7Milian M., Tatagiba M., Feigl G.C. Patient response to awake craniotomy – a summary overview. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014;156(6):1063–70. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2038-4Milian M., Tatagiba M., Feigl G.C. Patient response to awake craniotomy – a summary overview. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014;156(6):1063–70. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2038-4Leal R.T.M., da Fonseca C.O., Landeiro J.A. Patients’ perspective on awake craniotomy for brain tumors – single center experience in Brazil. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017;159(4):725–31. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3125-0Leal R.T.M., da Fonseca C.O., Landeiro J.A. Patients’ perspective on awake craniotomy for brain tumors – single center experience in Brazil. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017;159(4):725–31. DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3125-0

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.